Sunday, November 28, 2010

Resizing Images - Mobaphoto

Educators can use images in the classroom as another form of learning material. The purpose of using a picture, photograph etc is to engage thinking, analysing, evaluating and understanding with the students.

Images allow students to see the real thing, it can illustrate concepts and show examples of what you are discussing, images inspire discussions on the topic developing language, and can encourage students to work as a team.

The following website suggests practical ways to use digital images in teaching and learning , it gets you thinking!

Photographs, graphics and images come in many different shapes and sizes. Generally photograph files such as GIF files or JPG files are usually quite large and cannot be easily uploaded online. To upload pictures online it is important to reduce the size of the file, this will reduce the quality but it will still be useful for web use. To do this you can download a free program called Mobaphoto.
Mobaphoto is a portable tool box for digital photography, once downloaded and you have installed the program it is very easy to use. It gives the user four main tool options:  Batch photo resizer, Digital gallery creator, Batch photo editor and Batch picture renamer. The program also allows you to crop your images and correct red eye.
To resize your image select, Batch photo resizer, a display window will then appear allowing you to browse and select as many images as you select to resize, there is also a small viewing photo window, now click resize. You will be prompted to save the resized pictures and now they are ready to use and upload online. The upload time to load your pictures online will also be much shorter as the file is much smaller therefore saving time.

I have resized and included a few images below from a trip to Australia Zoo on the Sunshine Coast Queensland. In the classroom context these photographs could be used to: begin discussions about the animals in the pictures and asses students current knowledge, the educator can provide students with an extension task or project to select an animal in a photograph and submit a research project, begin a theme in the classroom, create further lesson plans on the selected animals, discuss where they come from, where they are found, extend on geography, extend to other animals e.g. African animals and begin another unit of work.








                                                 Images taken from Australia Zoo Queensland

Reference

JISC Digital Media. (2010). Practical ways to use digital images in teaching and learning. Retrieved November 28, 2010, from

Mobaphoto, (2008). The portable toolbox for digital photography. Retrieved November 28, 2010, from

Central Queensland University (CQU). (2010). FAHE11001 – Images/Mobaphoto: Study Guide. Rockhampton. QLD, Australia: Author.

Friday, November 26, 2010

PowerPoint - In the Classroom

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presenation program developed by Microsoft. It is part of the Microsoft Office Suite, and runs on Microsoft Windows operating system.
The program allows the user to create their own PowerPoint slide show based on a topic of their choice. The program has many design functions and tools, you can choose a background and layout, add text, pictures, animation, sounds etc. Once you have the content of your slides you can choose special effects for example, you can choose how your text appears on the slide such as flying in and also add a sound as it appears. It is operated by the mouse or space bar far which controls the slide show.

I have developed an example slide show about Elephants, it is quite basic but gives you an idea of what I am trying to explain and allows you to see how it works for yourself. To view the PowerPoint please click this link Elephant PowerPoint which will take you to my wiki where the slide show is attached.
PowerPoint is a wonderful tool for learning, it can add a new dimension to learning allowing teachers to explain concepts and accommodate different learning styles. Used properly PowerPoint can be a powerful tool for teaching in the classroom but used inappropriately, PowerPoint could confuse students and make learning difficult.
It can save a lot of time for teachers who would have used a blackboard or overhead projector instead. The program is quite easy to use and encourages those who would not normally use a visual aid or give a presentation to make a presentation.
The benefit of PowerPoint is always being discussed, its use in the classroom has influenced investigations of PowerPoint’s effects on student performance in comparison to overhead projectors, traditional lectures, and online lectures. It is a useful introductory tool for lecturers/classes but at this stage there are no results to prove or disprove that PowerPoint is more effective for learner as opposed to traditional presentation methods. I think that used correctly it can make learning more interesting to students, using a presentation may encourage them to want to learn about specific topics instead of using pen to paper or chalk to blackboard.
A slide show developed appropriately with the correct content and design, using PowerPoint in the classroom can be another useful tool for presenting information to students. It introduces the program to students who may not know about it or how to use it, it provides another form of presenting information to students other than using a blackboard, introduces and teaches learners about technology, it accommodates all learners’ needs and develops language and spelling skills. It can also be fun to watch and make, the program not only motivates students but can motivate educators as well. Some other advantages of using PowerPoint in the classroom is that if a student is away the teacher is able to print out the slide show or make a copy and provide it to the student. Also allows you to reflect on your lesson and make any additions or changes.

Because students today are so technologically advanced presentations developed with the use of videos, music and pictures attains student’s attention and increases student involvement.
Presentations made poorly have been given the term PowerPoint hell. If used continuously PowerPoint can bore students and diminish its effectiveness. A negative for educators is that a successful presentation can take several hours to create, teachers in a school environment do not always have this much time on their hands.
Teachers do not need a book on how to use PowerPoint the program comes with a complete tutorial. There are also a number of websites that provide extensive information, during my research I found this website  to be useful it has a list of positive and negatives. Another website I found useful was  targeted to teachers on how to use PowerPoint and its use in the classroom. I also found a website that allows you to downlaod free background layouts and a site called slide share this is a free website that allows the user to create and share presentations.

Reference:
Wikipedia.(2010). Power Point. Retrieved November 26, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint
teAchnology.(2010). Whats all the hype?. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from
http://www.teach-nology.com/tutorials/powerpoint/
eHow. (2010). What are the benefits of using Power Point and slide presentations in the classroon. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from

 

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5008796_using-powerpoint-slide-presentations-classroom.html

Moodle


Moodle, Modular Object-Orientated Dynamic Learning Environment, also known as an LMS (Learning Management System), CMS (Course Management System) or VLE (Visual Learning Environment. It is a free open-source e-learning software that educators use to create online courses. Moodle is very similar to an LMS but has more standard features. Moodle is used in a variety on contexts such as in education, business settings and training and development. It has become very popular among educators as a tool for creating online websites for their students.
Many institutions use moolde as a platform to conduct fully online courses, this is how it is used in my situation, to delivery content.
I am a university student studying distance education moodle is the online tool that allows me to do so. Each semester I enrol in selected subjects, I log on to my moodle student account and access the course material. Once I click on a subject all the content and information appears allowing me to study at home and at my own pace. The course is broken up into week blocks with links to activities, readings, videos, external resources, power points etc, there are also discussion boards for students and teachers to communicate and discuss topics,wikis as well as a notice board for updates from lecturers. Moodle makes it possible for me to study, it is free, easy to access and very easy to use, it is a project that gives educators the tool to manage and promote learning.



Moodle has created a very informative website it also allows you to look at a demonstration site and watch a moodle presentation. While researching I also found a useful you tube video if you are interested in having a look.

References:
Moodle.(2010). Moodle. Retrieved november 26, 2010, from
http://moodle.org/about/
Wikipedia.(2010). Moodle. Retrieved November 26, 2010, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moodle

Wednesday, November 24, 2010

Personal Journal Entry - RSS Aggregator

Hi Everyone,

What a busy 4 weeks so far! I am finding this course very interesting and useful, so far I have learnt alot but this has been with much stress....Recently I moved house and have been having a large amount of trouble getting my internet switched on, I tired to use my pre paid internet for the mean time but optus could not allow this as they did not have the stock I needed. I was back to the drawing board and decided to go into work early/stay late and use the wi-fi connection, this worked for a short time until their internet was diconnected, so for the past few weeks I have been using my ipone through my computer. Tis has caused me much stress and I am very far behind, I am trying very hard to catch up but this is also hard as I work Full Time and I am now worrying about the assignments as the due dates get closer.

On a positive note, Im working hard and hopefully will catch up by committing and dedicating all of my spare time. I am now onto week three and have just set up the google reader, it took some time to copy and paste each students URL's into the feeder and now I have over 100 updates! This tool is great I have now subscribed to everyone's blog's and the Google Reader will inform me of new posts and provide updates. This is much easier then searching for everyone's blogs and then adding to follow the blog.
I took the time to look at a few blogs and realised we are all at different stages of blogging, course activities and content. Everyone has a different way of blogging, approaching and discussing information, there are alot of brilliant idea's. I hope to get through more blogs and learn as much as I can.

Goodluck!

Static Websites - Weebly

Weebly is a free, online Web site creator. Users sign up to an account and begin to create pages using WYSIWYG editing, with only a few clicks using the drag and drop method. It includes a step by step user guide and has a support centre. It offers design layouts, free domain hosting, website publishing and RSS feeders.
When Weebly was first created the objective was to enable content creation and its mission is to help users put their information online quickly and easily.
Webbly includes a blog editor and allows users to add pictures, music, video, audio, documents etc.
Weebly pro accounts are also available at a small cost which gives users access to more features.
Below I have included a PMI (Plus, Minuses and Interesting) on the use of Weebly:


Blog vs. Weebly (Static Website):
I have begun to explore Weebly by creating my own website http://www.leahbliss.weebly.com
At this stage it is quite basic as I have not had very much time to explore and use it or chose a topic, but after doing research and viewing other user’s Weebly websites I understand their function, purpose and abilities.

I have created my own person blog using http://www.blogger.com/ and am confident in this site and am adding new posts each week, although I find adding some content a challenge or not possible (or I have not yet figured out how to do this). For example: I could not find a function to add a graph to my blog, I created my own in Microsoft Word, once completed I copied and pasted it into a new blog post, the content copied and it looked the same but when I clicked preview the graph did not show and the content was all over the post page, an error message came up on the screen and I could not add the actual graph. I tried to save the graph as a picture to upload but I was not successful.

As I am now familiar with both sites, I find the Static Website (Weebly) to be a useful and better tool. Weebly allows you to create your own website with as many pages you like, you can add pictures, videos etc to create a great educational website for students. The user can also choose layouts and colours making the website very interesting to the eye. Your website can be about any topic you wish and the many different tools on offer make it a great teaching tool e.g. add a voting poll, you tube video etc.
 Weebly also allows you to create a Blog, you have all of the website functions including a Blog where as blogger is used only to create blog’s, Weebly offers both.
After viewing other Weebly Websites some students have created I was convinces, they have done a fantastic job and I think they would be a great tool to use in teaching student’s. I hope soon to create a website just as exciting and useful.

PMI (Plus, Minus, Interesting) CHART - WEEBLY

PLUS +Free to create & publish your website.
Easy to sign up & create an account.
Beginners step by step guide.
Drag & drop website editor.
WYSIWYG. (What you see is what you get)
Free domain hosting
Many design layouts
Variety of content elements - add pictures, music, video’s, audio, documents etc.
Blogging features.
No advertising on the website.
Support center – FAQ, Email etc.
Add RSS feed readers.
No limit to pages or amount of material.
     
MINUS -
To use all multimedia elements need to upgrade to Weebly pro at a cost.
Some people don’t know how to use HTML code.
Need to be computer literate.
Content is not monitored or filtered.
Cannot use pre-existing plug-ins from other blogging engines.
     
INTERESTS i
Currently 3 Million people use Weebly & growing by day.
Named one of TIME’s best websites 2007.

Reference

Wikipedia.(2010). Weebly. Retrieved November 24, 2010, from
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weebly 

Central Queensland University (CQU). (2010). FAHE11001 – Static websites: Study Guide. Rockhampton. QLD, Australia: Author.

Tuesday, November 23, 2010

Dimensions of Learning

Using bubbl.us I have developed a concept map of the Dimensions of Learning Framework:

Dimensions of Learning Framework

Dimensions of Learning is a practical framework that K-12 Teachers can use to improve the quality of teaching and learning in any content area. It is based on research and theory which is explained in Dimensions of Learning, Teachers Manual 2006, Marzano & Pickering. More than ninety educators worked on this model for two years, the educators helped shape the basic program into a valuable tool for reorganising the curriculum, instruction, and assessment. The use of this manual is as a structure for planning units of instruction.
Dimensions on Learning uses what theorists and researchers know about learning to define the learning progress, it is made up of five key dimensions:
Dimension 1 – Attitudes and Perceptions: Attitudes and perceptions affect students’ abilities to learn. When a student’s attitude is positive their learning is enhanced. Two focus areas to develop attitudes and perceptions are Classroom Climate and Classroom Tasks.
Dimension 2 – Acquire and Integrate Knowledge: Helping students acquire and integrate new knowledge. It is important to define the type of knowledge being learnt, there are two basic categories, Declarative Knowledge and Procedural Knowledge.
Dimension 3 – Extend and Refine Knowledge: Learners develop in-depth understanding through the process of extending and refining their knowledge. When students understand the importance of the knowledge, they can use that knowledge, to develop understanding students extend and refine the knowledge they initially require.
Dimension 4 – Use Knowledge Meaningfully: The most effective learning occurs when we use knowledge to perform meaningful tasks. The purpose of acquiring knowledge is to be able to use it meaningfully.
Dimension 5 – Habits of Mind: The most effective learners have developed powerful habits of mind that enable them to think critically, think creatively and regulate their behaviour. Habits of Mind indentifies productive mental habits that along with Dimension 1 (Attitudes and Perceptions) form the back drop of the learning process.
These five dimensions work together, see the graph below of how they work together.  

I find the Dimensions of Learning Framework to be a very useful tool and will use this framework throughout my studies and when teaching in a school context. Particularly I find Dimension 1 & 5 to be the most useful. A students attitudes and perceptions (Dimension 1) effect their learning, it is important for the learners to develop positive attitudes and perceptions about the classroom climate and the classroom tasks for the best learning to be achieved, dimension 1 informs educators on techniques to best achieve this. If learners feel accepted by teachers and peers and experience a sense of comfort and order this develops positive attitudes about the classroom climate therefore enhancing their learning. This also applies to developing a positive attitude and perception about the classroom tasks, if the students perceive the task as valuable and interesting, if they believe they have the ability and resources to complete the task and understand what the task involves it will have the same outcome.
Dimension 5 discusses the learner habits of mind and along with attitudes and perceptions this enhances the learning process, enhancing learning and content knowledge. This also helping students to be successful learners in whatever circumstance and will continue to serve students in the future. This dimension involves both the educator and learners, if the educator models and reinforces good mental habits it will influence the students to develop productive habits of mind.

The Dimensions of Learning Teachers Manual is interesting and useful, it explains each dimension and how to put it all together, I have learnt a lot from this framework and advise everyone to have a read. Online I found a brief overview of the manual if you would like to take a look http://www.hbe.com.au/PUBLIC/HBEItemImages/pdf/197134.pdf

Reference
Marzano, R.J. & Pickering, D.J. (1997). Dimensions of Learning Teacher’s Manual.
          Alexandria, Virginia USA.



Sunday, November 21, 2010

Blog Vs Wiki

Please view the following two youtube videos created to inform viewers about Blog's and Wiki's.

Blog Vs Wiki

Feel free to have a look at my own Wiki after reviewing my Blog.

Saturday, November 20, 2010

Wiki's


Wiki’s
What is a Wiki?
According to Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki) (a wiki itself) “A wiki is a website that allows the easy creation and editing of any number of interlinked web pages via a web browser using a simplified mark-up language or a WYSIWYG text editor.”

A wiki is a plain vanilla web browser that allows users to write and create documents collaboratively, it is a communication tool for communities. Any user may create, add or edit any wiki page they desire within the wiki website. This is very easy to use and has no extra add-ons, some wiki’s allow any member of the general public to edit and add content without signing up for a user account, although some wiki’s can be set to users only which requires setting up a free account. An example of a wiki website is http://www.wikispaces.com/ which in this case I am using, click on the following link to go to my personal wiki page www.leahbliss1.wikispaces.com.
You are able to view all of the changes to a wiki on the recent changes page and are able to return to an older view of the page if required.
Wiki’s also have Link button which allows the user to link a website or webpage to the wiki for the users to follow and you are able to insert or upload pictures and media

Example of a Wiki: A user may create a wiki about any chosen topic, in this case the wiki content will be about items needed for a storm survival kit, the creator will begin the wiki, giving it a title and including any information they already have, other users may then read, edit and add any information they feel is relevant to the topic, it is then modified and saved for users to continue viewing.
A wiki is primarily a database that is used for creating, browsing, and searching through information.

Interesting fact: Wikipedia states that Ward Cunningham developed the first wiki called WikiWikiWeb in 1994, he installed it on the internet in 1995. Cunningham named it “Wiki” because he remembered an airport employee in Honolulu telling him to take the “Wiki Wiki Shuttle” that runs between the terminals, he chose wiki-wiki as a substitute for quick instead of naming it quick web. To learn more about wiki’s visit www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Wiki or http://www.teachersfirst.com/content/wiki/ or Google “wiki”.


 Pro’s                                    
Free                     
Easy to use, create & edit            
Effective Communication tool   
Easy to correct mistakes              
Review recent changes/history
Set to registered user’s only/Private      
Registered users have access to more functions               
Easy to sign up                                                                                 
Link to other sites                                                                           
Wiki support – help                                                                        
Manage wiki - layout                                                                     
Insert and upload images & media                                          
Lock certain pages
Special Copyright Agreement

Cons
Easily Tampered with
Lack of security
Easily Vandalised
Some wiki’s can be edited by anyone
Users can add any content e.g. rude
Anonymous editing
Link to sites with viruses etc.
Access to anyone (some)
Easy to sign up – anyone can create account
No spell check
Copyright/Referencing
Parental concerns


In my context studying via distance education, wiki’s are a useful and easy communication tool to discuss course topics and content with peers. As the students enrolled in this course study distance we do not have the opportunity to meet and discuss information face to face this tool enables us to do exactly that which is why I have begun a wiki about the pros and cons of a wiki. Please visit http://leahbliss1.wikispaces.com/Wiki+-+Pro%27s+%26+Con%27s and add your own ideas and suggestions. I look forward to your comments.

Reference

Wikipedia.(2010). Wiki. Retrieved November 19, 2010, from
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki

Teachers First. 2010). Wiki Walk Through. Retrieved november 19, 2010, from
    http://www.teachersfirst.com/content/wiki/

Central Queensland University (CQU). (2010). FAHE11001 – Wiki: Study Guide. Rockhampton. QLD, Australia: Author.



Thursday, November 18, 2010

Week 1 - Learning Theory

Learning Theory: A learning theory is how learners learn. There are three theories to be considered, these are: Behaviourism, Cognitivism and Constructivism.

Behaviourism: Also referred to as “objectivism” is based on behavioural psychology. It defines that learning is characterised by an observable change in behaviour.

Cognitivism: “Cognitivists sought to understand learning in terms of mental processing.” As stated in selected readings for distance students (2010, p. 3). The three stage model below explains the mental processes: Sensory Memory, Working Memory and Long Term Memory.


Image courtesy of - Central Queensland University - FAHE11001 Managing E-Learning
Constructivism: Learning is a process in which the learner constructs or builds new ideas/concepts based on current and past knowledge/experience.

If you would like to learn more about Learning Theories the following link to Wikipedia has definitions and detailed information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory_(education)

Reference

Wikipedia.(2010). Learning theories. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from
 
Central Queensland University (CQU). (2010). FAHE11001 – Learning theories: Study Guide. Rockhampton. QLD, Australia: Author.

Week 1 - Multiple Intelligence

Multiple intelligence: In 1975 Howard Gardner came up with a theory of seven different ways to demonstrate intellectual ability.

3. Logical/Mathematical Intelligence

For detailed information about the seven abilities visit: http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks1/ict/multiple_int/what.cfm
This site also has a quiz that you can take, it is free and shows your results in a graph (see sample below)

Image courtesy of - http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks1/ict/multiple_int/what.cfm 

My Results/Scores:
 Linguistic (Word Smart): 20-25                                  Logical (Number Smart): 15-20
 Interpersonal (People Smart): 20                             Intrapersonal (Myself Smart): 25-30
 Musical (Music Smart): 15                                           Visual/Spatial (Picture Smart): 15-20
 Naturalistic (Nature Smart): 15-20                           Kinaesthetic (Body Smart): 15-20

Reference

Birmingham City Council. (2010). Multiple Intelligence. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from
    http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks1/ict/multiple_int/what.cfm 

Ldpride. (2010). Multiple Intelligence. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from
Central Queensland University (CQU). (2010). FAHE11001 – Multiple Intelligence: Study Guide. Rockhampton. QLD, Australia: Author.

Week 1 – Learning Styles

Learning Styles: Every individual is different and has their own learning style, one ongoing battle for teachers is that as a teacher we must try to cater for the diversity in the classroom which can be very challenging. It is important to determine the learner’s learning style, a style that enables us to understand how a learner best learns and for the learner to learn best. There are three main learning styles:

·         Visual Learner’s – Learn through seeing.
·         Auditory Learner’s – Learn through listening.
·         Kinaesthetic Learner’s – Learn through moving, doing and touching.

After completing the quiz below and reading the definitions of learning styles, I believe I am an Auditory Learner. I learn best through listening, verbal discussions and lectures. In saying this I find studying flexible delivery very challenging as most of the content is online and needs to be read at your own pace, but the video tutorials available on some topics are an excellent tool for an Auditory learner like myself as I am able to listen and see the person delivering the content which enables me to learn the content better. I also feel I have some traits of a Visual Learner, being able to see the teacher, sitting in a classroom and taking notes enables me to learn best.

Question – In a traditional classroom of 25 students, how would you support the range of learning styles each lesson? (Please feel free to express you own answers, comments or opinions.)
As I stated earlier each student has a different learning style, to best cater for the different styles throughout the classroom as a teacher you need to be planful, design and conduct learning experiences to cater for all needs. This can be achieved through using different types of ICT’s such as a Blog, Blackboard’s, Interactive Whiteboard’s, Microsoft PowerPoint/Office and Computer’s. As well as giving hard copies of the content to each student and giving a verbal lesson explaining/discussing the subject. By using different approaches and planning the teacher may be able to cater for the different learners, visual, auditory and kinaesthetic.

Which type of learner are you?
For more information about Learning Styles visit http://www.ldpride.net/learningstyles.MI.htm
Also available on the above website is an online questionnaire (follow the link) to determine your learning style although on this website you need to pay to see the results but the questions give a good direction of which learning style you may be. Below I have attached the questions from the quiz for you to try yourself.
Learning Styles Self-assessment
1 - Not Like Me
2 - A Little Like Me
3 - Like Me
4 - A Lot Like Me

Top of Form
1.
I feel the best way to remember something is to picture it in my head
2.
I follow oral directions better than written ones
3.
I often would rather listen to a lecture than read the material in a textbook
4.
I am constantly fidgeting (e.g. tapping pen, playing with keys in my pocket)
5.
I frequently require explanations of diagrams, graphs, or maps
6.
I work skilfully with my hands to make or repair things
7.
I often prefer to listen to the radio than read a newspaper
8.
I typically prefer information to be presented visually, (e.g. flipcharts or chalkboard)
9.
I usually prefer to stand while working
10.
I typically follow written instructions better than oral ones
11.
I am skilful at designing graphs, charts, and other visual displays
12.
I generally talk at a fast pace and use my hands more than the average person to communicate what I want to say
13.
I frequently sing, hum or whistle to myself
14.
I am excellent at finding my way around even in unfamiliar surroundings
15.
I am good at putting jigsaw puzzles together
16.
I am always on the move
17.
I excel at visual arts
18.
I excel at sports
19.
I'm an avid collector
20.
I tend to take notes during verbal discussions/lectures to review later
21.
I am verbally articulate and enjoy participating in discusions or classroom debates
22.
I easily understand and follow directions on maps
23.
I remember best by writing things down several times or drawing pictures and diagrams
24.
I need to watch a speaker's facial expressions and body language to fully understand what they mean
25.
I frequently use musical jingles to learn things
26.
I often talk to myself when alone
27.
I would rather listen to music than view a piece of art work
28.
I need to actively participate in an activity to learn how to do it
29.
I frequently tell jokes, stories and make verbal analogies to demonstrate a point
30.
I frequently touch others as a show of friendship and camaraderie (e.g. hugging)

Reference
 
Ldpride. (2010). Learning styles explained. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from

Ldpride. (2010). Multiple Intelligence. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from

Wikipedia.(2010). Learning theories. Retrieved November 18, 2010, from

Central Queensland University (CQU). (2010). FAHE11001 – Learning styles: Study Guide. Rockhampton. QLD, Australia: Author.